Control de la caries no restaurativa en incisivos centrales primarios, a los 36 meses de seguimiento / Controle cavitário não restaurador em incisivos centrais decíduos com 36 meses de acompanhamento / Non-restorative cavity control in deciduous central incisors at 36-month follow-up

La mínima intervención ha ido ganando cada vez más notoriedad en la Odontología, reflejando una creciente demanda por parte de los profesionales que buscan técnicas que promuevan tratamientos eficientes y que preserven la estructura dentaria. Objetivo: El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo promover el control de caries no restaurador (CCNR) en un paciente infantil, mediante una regularización de la cavidad de la lesión cariosa para permitir una mejor limpieza del área, junto con un protocolo complementario de fluoración. Presentación de caso: Paciente masculino de 4 años de edad con higiene bucal satisfactoria, sin embargo con acumulación de biopelícula entre los incisivos centrales superiores y sin síntomas ni quejas estéticas. Se alisaron las caras mesiales de los incisivos centrales con tiras abrasivas para eliminar zonas socavadas y facilitar el acceso para mejorar la higiene bucal, y se aplicó el barniz de flúor en 4 sesiones, con un intervalo de una semana entre cada aplicación. La madre de la paciente fue instruida sobre cuidados de higiene y alimentación. Durante 36 meses se realizó seguimiento clínico y radiográfico del paciente con retornos cada 12 meses. También se reevaluaron el índice de placa visible y los resultados de la guía de higiene y dieta. Conclusión; En este caso clínico, la fluorterapia asociada a la regularización superficial demostró ser una alternativa de tratamiento exitosa a largo plazo, permitiendo la preservación del tejido dentario y previniendo la progresión de las lesiones cariosas. El concepto ultraconservador puede ser una alternativa válida por su eficacia, sencillez, bajo coste y buena aceptación por parte de los niños y sus padres

A mínima intervenção vem ganhando cada vez mais notoriedade na Odontologia, refletindo uma crescente demanda de profissionais que buscam por técnicas que promovam tratamentos eficientes e preservem a estrutura dental. Objetivo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo promover um controle cavitário não restaurador (CCNR) em um paciente infantil, por meio de uma regularização da cavidade da lesão de cárie para permitir uma melhor higienização da área, associado a um protocolo complementar de flúor. Caso clinico: Paciente do sexo masculino, 4 anos de idade, com higiene bucal regular, entretanto com acúmulo de biofilme entre os incisivos centrais superiores e sem sintomatologia ou queixa estética. As superfícies mesiais dos incisivos centrais foram regularizadas com tiras abrasivas para remover áreas retentivas e facilitar o acesso para melhorar a higiene bucal. O verniz fluoretado foi aplicado em 4 sessões, com intervalo de uma semana entre cada aplicação. A mãe do paciente foi orientada quanto à higiene e cuidados com a dieta. Durante 36 meses, houve o acompanhamento clínico e radiográfico do paciente com retornos a cada 12 meses. O índice de placa visível e os resultados da orientação de higiene e dieta também foram reavaliados. Conclusão: Neste caso clínico, a regularização de superfícies associada a fluorterapia, mostrou-se uma alternativa de tratamento de sucesso a longo prazo, permitindo a preservação do tecido dentário e impedindo a progressão das lesões de cárie. O conceito ultraconservador pode ser uma alternativa válida devido à sua eficácia, simplicidade, baixo custo e boa aceitação pelas crianças e seus pais.

The minimal intervention has been gaining more notoriety in Dentistry, reflecting growing demand from professionals looking for techniques that promote efficient treatments and preserve the dental structure. Objective: The present study aimed to promote non-restorative cavity control (CCNR) in a child patient through regularization of the cavity of the carious lesion to allow better cleaning of the area, together with a complimentary fluoride protocol. Case presentation: Male patient, 4 years old, presenting adequate oral hygiene. However, biofilm accumulation occurs between the upper central incisors without symptoms or aesthetic complaints. Therefore, the mesial surfaces of the central incisors were smoothed with abrasive strips to remove undercut areas and facilitate access to improve oral hygiene. The fluoride varnish was applied in 4 sessions, with an interval of one week between each application. The patient's mother was instructed on hygiene and diet care. During 36 months, there was a clinical and radiographic follow-up of the patient with returns every 12 months. The visible plaque index and the hygiene and diet guidance results were also re-evaluated. Conclusion: In this clinical case, surface regularization associated fluortherapy proved to be a successful long-term treatment alternative, allowing the preservation of dental tissue and preventing the progression of caries lesions. The ultra-conservative concept can be a valid alternative due to its effectiveness, simplicity, low cost, and good acceptance by children and their parents.

La concentración de fluoruro en agua potable y la fluorosis dental en niños / Fluoride concentration in drinking water in relation to dental fluorosis in children

Dental treatment is a highly sought-after but costly procedure in the world, so it is important to consider measures to prevent dental disease. Among the ways of prevention, drinking water fluoridation, which involves adding relevant amounts of fluoride to the water supply reaching communities, stands out. However, it is not clear whether there are enough researchers who have addressed the issue, or that their methodology has been adequate to provide alternatives to solve some conditions, such as dental fluorosis, which, in contrast, is manifested by excessive fluoride intake. The main objective was to explore and analyse the academic production on the concentration of fluoride present in drinking water in order to find a relationship with dental fluorosis in children. To this end, the PRISMA model was used as a starting point in order to carry out a systematic review of academic articles chosen according to selection criteria. These will be extracted from five databases, using a documentary-type methodology, whose data collection will be carried out in virtual environments. From this, it was concluded that the academic production includes the concentration of fluoride in drinking water as a means of prevention for dental pathologies; however, the levels of fluoride allowed in children should be known, as the excess of fluoride in the teeth causes dental fluorosis, which turns out to be the cause of psychological complexes in children due to an aesthetic issue.

El tratamiento dental es un procedimiento muy solicitado en el mundo, pero costoso de realizar; por lo que, es importante considerar medidas para prevenir enfermedades dentarias. Entre las formas de prevención, destaca la fluoración del agua potable, que implica añadir cantidades pertinentes de flúor al suministro de agua que llega a las comunidades. Sin embargo, no se precisa si existen suficientes investigadores que hayan abordado el tema, o que su metodología empleada haya sido la adecuada como para brindar alternativas para solucionar algunas afecciones, tales como la fluorosis dental que; en contraste, se manifiesta por la excesiva ingesta de flúor. El objetivo principal, realizar una exploración y análisis de la producción académica sobre la concentración de flúor presente en el agua potable con el fin de encontrar una relación con la fluorosis dental en niños. Para ello, se partió del modelo PRISMA con el fin de proceder una revisión sistemática de artículos académicos escogidos mediante criterios de selección. Estos serán extraídos de cinco bases de datos, valiéndose entonces, de una metodología de tipo documental, cuya recolección de datos se efectuará en entornos virtuales. A partir de ello, se concluyó que la producción académica incluye a la concentración del flúor en agua potable como un modo de prevención para patologías dentales; no obstante, se debe conocer los niveles de flúor permitido en los niños, pues el exceso de flúor en los dientes origina fluorosis dental, la cual resulta ser causante de complejos psicológicos en los niños debido a un tema estético.

Recent progress in 2-haloacid dehalogenases / 生物工程学报

2-Haloacid dehalogenases (EC 3.8.1.X) catalyze the hydrolytic dehalogenation of 2-haloacids, releasing halogen ions and producing corresponding 2-hydroxyacids. The enzymes not only degrade xenobiotic halogenated pollutants, but also show wide substrate profile and astonishing efficiency for enantiomer resolution, making them valuable in environmental protection and the green synthesis of optically pure chiral compounds. A variety of 2-haloacid dehalogenases have been biochemically characterized so far. Further studies have been made in protein crystal structures and catalytic mechanisms. Here, we review the recent progresses of 2-haloacid dehalogenases in their source, protein structures, reaction mechanisms, catalytic properties and application. We also suggest further research directions for 2-haloacid dehalogenase.

Diversidad de especies de micobacterias no tuberculosas aisladas en ambientes acuáticos de la ciudad de General Pico, La Pampa, Argentina / Species diversity of non-tuberculous mycobacteria isolated from aquatic environments of General Pico city, Province of La Pampa (Argentina)

Las micobacterias no tuberculosas (MNT) no solo se estudian por su importancia como patógenos oportunistas, sino también por sus aplicaciones en biotecnología y biorremediación. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la presencia de micobacterias en los distintos hábitats acuáticos de la ciudad de General Pico (provincia de La Pampa), así como su diversidad. Los porcentajes de muestras positivas a micobacterias fueron los siguientes: 37,5% en el sistema de distribución de agua de red, 32,6% en el acuífero que abastece dicho sistema, 36,8% en el agua proveniente de las precipitaciones, 53,1% en los humedales del área de influencia, 80% en los natatorios cubiertos y 33,3% en las fuentes decorativas ubicadas en plazas públicas. De los 90 aislamientos de MNT obtenidos el 8,9% no logró ser identificado a nivel de especie con los métodos utilizados, que incluyeron pruebas fenotípicas y métodos moleculares. Las especies más frecuentemente aisladas fueron Mycobacterium fortuitum y Mycobacterium gordonae. Algunas especies identificadas han sido reportadas en casos de micobacteriosis en nuestro país, entre ellas M. fortuitum, M. gordonae, M. intracellulare, M. vaccae, M. lentiflavum y M. nonchromogenicum. No se aislaron MNT en muestras de agua de red con concentraciones de cloro activo residual mayores de 0,8mg/l, mientras que en los natatorios la presencia de hasta 1,5mg/l de cloro activo residual no fue una limitante para la proliferación de estos microorganismos. Se puede considerar que la incidencia de micobacterias en los ambientes acuáticos de General Pico es cercana al 35%, y que la presencia de estos microorganismos y su diversidad se ve afectada por el contacto con el hombre y sus actividades, como así también por la existencia de vida animal.

Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are studied not only for their importance as emerging opportunistic pathogens but also for their applications in biotechnology and bioremediation. Our aim was to determine the occurrence and diversity of mycobacteria in different aquatic habitats of General Pico city, Province of La Pampa. The percentage of samples with positive cultures for mycobacteria were the following: 37.5% recovered from the water supply distribution system; 32.6% from the aquifer that supplies water to the distribution system; 36.8% from rain water; 53.1% from the two wetlands in the area of influence; 80% from indoor swimming pools; and 33.3% from water fountains in downtown public squares. Of the 90 NTM isolates, 8.9% could not be identified at the species level with any of the used methods, phenotypic tests and molecular methods. Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium gordonae were the most frequently isolated species. Some of the identified species such as, M. fortuitum, M. gordonae, M. intracellulare, M. vaccae, M. lentiflavum and M. nonchromogenicum, have been reported in cases of mycobacteriosis in Argentina. Mycobacteria with values higher than 0.8mg/ml of residual active chlorine were not recovered from the drinking water supply network, whereas in the swimming pools the presence of up to 1.5 mg/l was not a constraint. Based on our results, the presence of mycobacteria in aquatic environments is close to 35% and their occurrence and diversity is affected both by contact with man and his activities as well as by the existence of animal life.

Influência da sanificação da água e das práticas de ordenha na qualidade do leite / Influence of water treatment and milking practices on milk quality

Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da cloração da água utilizada em salas de ordenha, assim como do manejo e da infraestrutura da ordenha, sobre a qualidade microbiológica da água e do leite. Foi instalado um equipamento para cloração de água, por duas semanas, na caixa de água de 20 propriedades leiteiras. Foram coletadas amostras de água e leite ao primeiro dia (sem cloro: controle), no sétimo e 14° dias (com cloro) e no 21º dia após a desinstalação dos cloradores (sem cloro: controle). Foram realizadas análises microbiológicas da água e do leite (contagem de células somáticas do leite, bactérias psicotróficas, mesófilas e coliformes totais), análises físico-químicas da água (pH, dureza e matéria orgânica), e aplicou-se um questionário estruturado aos produtores visando conhecer as técnicas de manejo de ordenha adotadas na propriedade. O uso de cloração na água melhorou (P<0,0001) a qualidade microbiológica da água, porém não afetou a qualidade microbiológica do leite (P>0,05). Práticas adequadas de manejo e higiene de ordenha e adequada estrutura para a ordenha estão relacionadas a baixas contagens de microrganismos no leite. Conclui-se que a cloração melhora a qualidade microbiológica da água, sem afetar a qualidade microbiológica do leite, a qual é melhorada pela adoção de boas práticas de ordenha e adequada infraestrutura.(AU)

The aim was to evaluate the influence of the use of sanitizing the water used on dairy farms, the management and the infrastructure on the dairy farm on the microbiological quality of water and milk. It was installed an equipment to chlorinate the water for a period of two weeks, in the water box of 20 dairy farms. In each dairy farm, water and milk samples were collected, being the first day (without chlorine: control), in the 7th and 14th day (chlorine), and 21 days after uninstalling the chlorinators (Chlorine-free: control). Microbiological analysis of water and milk (Somatic cell counts of milk, psychrotrophic bacteria, mesophilic and total coliforms) and physicochemical analysis of water were performed and a survey was applied to the farmers. The use of chlorine tablets in water improved (P<0.0001) the microbiological quality of water, but did not affect the microbiological quality of the milk (P>0.05). Management practices, hygiene and the structure of dairy farms are related to low microorganism counts in milk. In conclusion, chlorination of water improves the microbiological quality of water without affecting the microbiological quality of milk, which is improved by the adoption of good milking practices and adequate infrastructure.(AU)

In vitro shear bond strength between fluorinated zirconia ceramic and resin cements

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of a gas-phase fluorination method under different fluorination periods through using two resin cements. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 84 zirconia specimens in dimensions of 5 mm × 5 mm × 2 mm were prepared and surface treated with 50 µm aluminum oxide particles or gas phase fluorination for 2 min, 5 min, or 10 min. One specimen in each group was surface analyzed under scanning electron microscope. The remaining specimens were bonded to composite cylinders in dimensions of 2 mm diameter and 3 mm high with Panavia SA Plus or Variolink N. Then, the specimens were stored in 37℃ distilled water for 24 hours and shear bond strength test was applied at a speed of 1 mm/min. RESULTS: The highest shear bond strength values were observed in the samples fluorinated for 5 minutes and cemented with Panavia SA Plus. Variolink N did not elicit any statistical differences between surface treatments. Panavia SA Plus resin cement and Variolink N resin cements featured statistically significant difference in shear bond strength values only in the case of 5 minutes of fluorination treatment. CONCLUSION: According to the results of this study, application of 5 minutes of fluorination with 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate monomer (MDP) containing Panavia SA Plus resin cement increased the resin bond strength of zirconia. Fluorination of the zirconia surface using conventional resin cement, Variolink N, did not lead to an increase in bond strength.

Síntese de 4-cloro-1-hidroxinaftaleno-2-oxazolinas a partir do ácido 1-hidroxi-2-naftóico: ciclização e halogenação one-pot empregando cloreto de tionila / Synthesis of 4-chloro-1-hydroxynaphthalene-2- oxazolines from 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid: one-pot cyclization and one halogenation using thionyl chloride

No presente trabalho, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia one-pot para obtenção de produtos 4-cloro-1-hidroxinaftaleno-2-oxazolinas (Cl-HNO) 4, utilizando um excesso de SOCl2 a partir da amida 3a. Para a formação do produto de interesse 4 foi desenvolvida uma proposta mecanística para a simultânea ciclização do anel 2- oxazolina e halogenção na porção do anel naftóico através de espectrometria de massas de alta resolução, difração de raios-x e cálculos teóricos. Em seguida, a hidrólise de 4 levou ao produto 5 com nova inversão de configuração no C4. Para funcionalização do ácido 5, foram reagidos grupos aminas e álcoois, conduzindo a uma pequena biblioteca de compostos inéditos com propriedades fluorescentes (6a-e, 7a-e) com Φf 0.8%-1.6%. Testes biológicos contra cepas de fungos foram realizadas. Em uma segunda etapa do trabalho, foi realizada a aplicação do anel 2-oxazolínico como ligantes em reações de acoplamento cruzado do tipo Suzuki-Miyaura. A síntese dos ligantes foi realizada em apenas dois passos reacionais, partindo das amidas 3a-c reagidas com Deoxo-Flúor® levando a três diferentes ligantes 8a-c. Os mesmos foram testados, e o ligante 8a levou aos produtos de acoplamento 9a-m com os melhores rendimentos de 59% a 95%

In this work, we developed a new one-pot method for synthesizing 4-chlorinated 1- hydroxynaphthaleno-2-oxazoline (2-HNO) 4 by subjecting amide 3a to excess SOCl2. A mechanism for the formation of 4 is proposed, which involves simultaneous cyclization to form the 2-oxazoline ring and halogenation of the 2-hyrdoxynaphthalene ring. We present supporting evidence for this mechanism in the form of high resolution mass spectrometry, x-ray crystallography and theoretical calculations. Hydrolysis of 4 led to product 5 with inversion of configuration at C-4, confirmed by NMR spectra. To functionalize the acid 5, amines and alcohols were reacted with acid 5, leading to a small library of novel compounds having fluorescent properties (6a-e, 7a-e) with Φf 0.8%-1.6%. Furthermore, the library of compounds were used in biological testing against various strains of fungi. In the second stage of this work, we explored the application of the 2-oxazoline ring, through its use as a ligand in Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions. The preparation of the ligands were obtained in only two reaction steps, starting from amides 3a-c were reacted with Deoxo-Fluor®, leading to three different ligands 8a-c, respectively. The same were tested, and the ligand 8a provided coupling products 9a-m in good yields of 59% to 95%

Insights into the posttranslational structural heterogeneity of thyroglobulin and its role in the development, diagnosis, and management of benign and malignant thyroid diseases

ABSTRACT Thyroglobulin (Tg) is the major glycoprotein produced by the thyroid gland, where it serves as a template for thyroid hormone synthesis and as an intraglandular store of iodine. Measurement of Tg levels in serum is of great practical importance in the follow-up of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC), a setting in which elevated levels after total thyroidectomy are indicative of residual or recurrent disease. The most recent methods for serum Tg measurement are monoclonal antibody-based and are highly sensitive. However, major challenges remain regarding the interpretation of the results obtained with these immunometric methods, particularly in patients with endogenous antithyroglobulin antibodies or in the presence of heterophile antibodies, which may produce falsely low or high Tg values, respectively. The increased prevalence of antithyroglobulin antibodies in patients with DTC, as compared with the general population, raises the very pertinent possibility that tumor Tg may be more immunogenic. This inference makes sense, as the tumor microenvironment (tumor cells plus normal host cells) is characterized by several changes that could induce posttranslational modification of many proteins, including Tg. Attempts to understand the structure of Tg have been made for several decades, but findings have generally been incomplete due to technical hindrances to analysis of such a large protein (660 kDa). This review article will explore the complex structure of Tg and the potential role of its marked heterogeneity in our understanding of normal thyroid biology and neoplastic processes.

Synthesis and screening of some new fluorinated quinazolinone-sulphonamide hybrids as anticancer agents

The aim of the present research was to synthesise several novel fluorinated quinazoline-sulphonamide derivatives and to evaluate their in vitro cytotoxic activity. Eight compounds were synthesised. The compounds' anticancer activities were determined through the [3-[4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] [MTT] assay using a three-cell-line panel consisting of National Cancer Institute [NCI] lung cancer cells, Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 [MCF-7] breast cancer cells, and Human Embryonic Kidney-293 [HEK-293] normal kidney cell. The values of C log P correlations were determined to interpret the results. One compound exhibited significant anticancer activity with low toxicity compared with the methotrexate as the reference drug. The biological screening showed good to moderate anticancer activity for the title compounds compared with the reference drug. The reference drug exhibited an IC[50] value of 2.4 micro M, whereas compound 9, which was identified as the most active compound, exhibited an IC[50] value of 2.51 micro M on the NCI cell line. The other compounds showed IC[50] values that ranged from 2.89 to 46.34 micro M on the three cell lines. The newly synthesized compounds had lower toxicity on the normal cell line than did methotrexate. The newly synthesized compounds may provide a valuable template for future design and optimization to produce analogues that act as more active anticancer agents

Sistema de abastecimento de água do município de Catalão-GO: Avaliação da turbidez, cloração e qualidade bacteriológica / Water supply system of the city of Catalão-GO: Evaluation of turbidity, chlorination and bacteriological quality

A água é uma necessidade vital para qualquer ser vivo e é utilizada para inúmeras finalidades. Em função do uso a que se destina deve apresentar determinadas características de potabilidade. A qualidade da água distribuída no município de Catalão-GO foi avaliada por meio de análise dos parâmetros de turbidez,cloração e análise microbiológica baseando-se nos padrões estabelecidos pela Portaria n° 2.914/2011-MS, e para correlacionar a interferência climática na turbidez e no cloro. Foram coletadas nove amostras semanais,durante os meses de julho a dezembro de 2012. A água foi analisada quanto aos parâmetros de turbidez, cloro,coliformes totais e Escherichia coli. Das 216 amostras analisadas, 7,87 % (17) amostras apresentaram cloro abaixo do preconizado em legislação. Em relação à turbidez, 100 % das amostras apresentaram valor <5 UT. Quanto aos coliformes totais e E. coli, 100 % das amostras apresentaram resultados satisfatórios quanto à ausência em 100 mL. Não houve correlação entre os níveis de cloro e temperatura ambiente, tampouco entre turbidez e precipitação pluviométrica. Considerando-se o atendimento ao padrão de potabilidade por meio das médias mensais obtidas pelo Departamento de Vigilância Sanitária Municipal de Catalão-GO, o sistema público de abastecimento de água tem atingido níveis satisfatórios de qualidade da água tratada...

Concentração de flúor no biofilme dental de indivíduos expostos a diferentes fontes de flúor de base comunitária / Dental biofilm fluoride concentration of subjects exposed to different community-based fluoride sources

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a concentração de flúor do biofilme dental de indivíduos residenteste em áreas com água fluoretada (AF) ou sal fluoretado (SF) e determinar o efeito do dentifrício fluoretado na concentração de flúor [F] do biofilme dental destes indivíduos. Dezesseis indivíduos resendentes em Montevidéu (SF) e dezesseis indivíduos residentes em Porto Alegre (AF) participaram deste estudo randomizado, cruzado e duplo-cego. Profilaxia dental e raspagem supragengivel foram realizaras antes de cada fase experimental. Durante as fases experimentais (14 dias/cada), os indivíduos escovaram os dentes, 2x/dia, com dentifrício fluoretado (DF) ou dentifrício não-fluoretado (DNF). As amostras de biofilme dental foram coletadas 8 horas após a última escovação. As análises de [F] no biofilme dental foram realizadas com um íon epecífico e as leituras foram convertidas em μgF¯/g de biofilme. Equações de estimativas generalizadas foram aplicadas para analisar a variância de medidas repetidas e as diferenças em cada desfecho. Uma maior [F] no biofilme foi observada na área com SF(2.69±0.10 IC 2.48–2.89) em comparação a área com AF (2.44±0.06 IC 2.32-2.57) quando do uso regular de DNF (p = 0.047). Entretanto, não houve diferença significativa na [F] no biofilme entre as áreas com SF (2.60±0.12 IC 2.37-2.83) e AF (2.81±0.10 CI 2.62-3.01) quando do uso de FD (p = 0.153). Adicionalmente, não foi observada diferença siginifcativa na [F] do biofilme quando DF e DNF foram usados nas áreas com SF (p = 0.294) e AF (p = 0.320). A maior [F] no biofilme observada na área com SF, sob uso regular DNF, pode não ter significância clínica, uma vez que ela desapareceu quando o DF foi usado...

The aim of this study was to compare the fluoride concentration in dental biofilm of subjects living in fluoridated- salt (FS) or water (FW) areas and to determine the effect of fluoride dentifrice on the fluoride concentration [F] in dental biofilm of these subjects. Sixteen individuals residing in Montevideo (FS) and sixteen individuals living in Porto Alegre (FW) participated in this randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Dental prophylaxis and scaling were performed prior to each experimental phase. During the experimental phases (14d/each) subjects brushed their teeth, 2x/day, with fluoridated dentifrice (FD) or non-fluoridated fluoride (NFD). Dental biofilm samples were collected 8 hours after the last toothbrushing. Analyses were performed with a fluoride ion-specific electrode and the reading was transformed into μgF¯/g biofilm. Generalized estimating equations were used to analyze the variance for repeated measures and the differences in each outcome. Higher biofilm [F] was found in FS (2.69±0.10 CI 2.48–2.89) compared to FW (2.44±0.06 CI 2.32-2.57) areas under regular use of NFD (p = 0.047). However, no significant differences were found on dental biofilm [F] between FW (2.60±0.12 CI 2.37-2.83) and FS (2.81±0.10 CI 2.62-3.01) areas under FD use (p = 0.153). Furthermore, no significant difference was observed in the biofilm [F] when FD or NFD were used in the FS (p = 0.294) and FW (p = 0.320) areas. The higher dental biofilm [F] was found in FS areas under NFD use may not have clinical significance once it disappeared when FD was used...

Mechanisms of hepatotoxicity of chloroacetonitrile: an end product of water chlorination

Chloroacetonitrile is a disinfectant by-product of chlorination of drinking water and is considered as a directacting mutagenic and carcinogenic agent. Time-course and dose-response studies were performed to examine the mechanism of chloroacetonitrile-induced hepatotoxicity. In the time-course study, animals were scarified at 2, 4, 6 and 12 h after a single oral dose of chloroacetonitrile [38 mg/kg, p.o.]. In the dose-response study, rats were scarified at 2 h after a single oral dose of chloroacetonitrile [9, 19, 38, and 76 mg/kg]. In the time-course study chloroacetonitrile induced a significant decrease of hepatic glutathione, and activities of glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione proxidase and superoxide dismutase accompanied with an increase of hepatic malondialdehyde, plasma cytokines [IL-6 and 10 and TNF-alpha], serum aminotransferases and total bilirubin after 2 h of administration. Maximal alteration of the estimated parameters was observed at 4 h and returned to normal value at 6 h and/or 12 h after chloroacetonitrile treatment. Moreover, the alterations in oxidant, antioxidant parameters, inflammatory cytokines and the liver function tests were dose dependant. Histopathological findings supported the biochemical results. These data indicate that the mechanism of chloroacetonitrile-induced hepatotoxicity may be mediated through depletion of antioxidants, induction of oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines

Avaliação de um sistema de filtro domiciliar com estratégia para desfluoretação de água em uma zona rural endêmica para fluorose dentária em Minas Gerais, Brasil / Evaluation of a filter system as a strategy to water defluoridation in an endemic dental fluorosis rural area of Minas Gerais, Braszil

Objetivos: Altas concentrações de flúor são encontradas, naturalmente, na água em todo o mundo. Este estudo avaliou se um novo sistema de filtro domiciliar, com base em microesferas adsorventes do composto alumina-carvão ativado, é apropriado para reduzir altas concentrações de flúor na água de abastecimento, de uma zona endêmica para fluorose dentária. Métodos: um estudo de intervenção foi conduzido em uma comunidade rural, durante 22 semanas, em 4 municípios com 20 residentes, entre crianças, adolescentes e adultos, em zona endêmica para fluorose dentária, no norte do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil...

Halogenated natural products from the marine-derived actinobacteria and their halogenation mechanism / 药学学报

In the last decade, along with the development of taxonomy research in marine-derived actinobacteria, more and more halogenated natural products were discovered from marine actinobacteria. Most of them showed good biological activity and unique structure compared to those from land. The special halogenation mechanism in some compounds' biosynthesis has drawn great attention. So in this review, we focus on the halogenated natural products from marine actinobacteria and their halogenation mechanisms.

Goiter Frequency Is More Strongly Associated with Gastric Adenocarcinoma than Urine Iodine Level

PURPOSE: We designed our study to evaluate the hypothesis that gastric cancer is correlated with iodine deficiency or thyroid dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We investigated the total body iodine reserve, thyroid function status and autoimmune disorder in 40 recently diagnosed gastric adenocarcinoma cases versus 80 healthy controls. The participants came from a region with high gastric cancer rate but sufficient iodine supply due to salt iodination. The investigation included urine iodine level, thyroid gland clinical and ultrasonographic examination, and thyroid function tests. RESULTS: Goiter was detected more frequently in the case group (P=0.001); such a finding, however, was not true for lower than normal urine iodine levels. The free T3 mean level was significantly lower in the case group compared to the control group (P=0.005). CONCLUSIONS: The higher prevalence of goiter rather than low levels of urinary iodine in gastric adenocarcinoma cases suggests that goiter, perhaps due to protracted but currently adjusted iodine deficiency, is more likely to be associated with gastric adenocarcinoma compared to the existing iodine deficiency itself.

Solução alternativa coletiva de abastecimento de água (SAC): avaliação da qualidade bacteriológica e da cloração / Alternative collective resolution for public water supply: bacteriological and chlorination quality evaluation

As águas de soluções alternativas coletivas de abastecimento (SAC) nos municípios situados no noroeste do estado de São Paulo foram avaliadas quanto à qualidade bacteriológica e ao teor de cloro residual livre (CRL), de acordo com a Portaria nº 518 do Ministério da Saúde. Entre 2004 e 2010, foram analisadas 3.564 amostras de 66 municípios da área de abrangência do Grupo de Vigilância Sanitária 29 – São José do Rio Preto (GVS 29 – SJRP-SP) e de 26 municípios do GVS 30-Jales. Das amostras em desacordo (1.775) da região de abrangência do GVS 29 – SJRP-SP, observou-se que 1.201 (67,7 %), 1.107 (62,4 %) e 256 (14,4 %) foram não conformes, respectivamente, em pelo menos um dos seguintes parâmetros: CRL, coliformes totais e C. termotolerantes/Escherichia coli. Quanto às amostras em desacordo da região do GVS 30-Jales (317), os números foram: 104 (32,8%), 257 (81,0%) e 82 (25,9%). Considerando-se a identificação de indicadores de contaminação das águas dos SAC, este estudo fornece subsídios aos serviços de abastecimento de água e de vigilância em saúde para implementar o controle e a prevenção de doenças de transmissão e de origem hídrica e para melhoria das condições e qualidade de vida das comunidades abrangidas.

Purification and characterization of Mn-peroxidase from Musa paradisiaca (banana) stem juice.

Mn-peroxidase (MnP), a biotechnologically important enzyme was purified for the first time from a plant source Musa paradisiaca (banana) stem, which is an agro-waste easily available after harvest of banana fruits. MnP was earlier purified only from the fungal sources. The enzyme was purified from stem juice by ultrafiltration and anion-exchange column chromatography on diethylamino ethylcellulose with 8-fold purification and purification yield of 65%. The enzyme gave a single protein band in SDS-PAGE corresponding to molecular mass 43 kDa. The Native-PAGE of the enzyme also gave a single protein band, confirming the purity of the enzyme. The UV/VIS spectrum of the purified enzyme differed from the other heme peroxidases, as the Soret band was shifted towards lower wavelength and the enzyme had an intense absorption band around 250 nm. The Km values using MnSO4 and H2O2 as the substrates of the purified enzyme were 21.0 and 9.5 μM, respectively. The calculated kcat value of the purified enzyme using Mn(II) as the substrate in 50 mM lactate buffer (pH 4.5) at 25°C was 6.7s-1, giving a kcat/Km value of 0.32 μM-1s-1. The kcat value for the MnP-catalyzed reaction was found to be dependent of the Mn(III) chelator molecules malonate, lactate and oxalate, indicating that the enzyme oxidized chelated Mn(II) to Mn(III). The pH and temperature optima of the enzyme were 4.5 and 25°C, respectively. The enzyme in combination with H2O2 liberated bromine and iodine in presence of KBr and KI respectively. All these enzymatic characteristics were similar to those of fungal MnP. The enzyme has the potential as a green brominating and iodinating agent in combination with KBr/KI and H2O2.

[Investigating the efficiency of ultraviolet irradiation for inactivation of free living nematodes in water]

Free living nematodes due to their active movement and resistance to chlorination; don't remove in conventional water treatment processes thus can be entered to distribution systems and cause adverse health effects. UV irradiation can be used as a method of inactivating these organisms. This study is done to investigate the effect of ultraviolet lamp on inactivation of free living nematode [Rhabitidae] in water. The effects of duration of irradiation, turbidity, temperature, UV dose and pH are investigated in this study. Ultraviolet lamp used in this study was a 11 watt lamp with intensity of 24 micro w / cm[2]. Contact time required to achieve 100% efficiency for larvae nematodes and adults were 9 and 10 minutes, respectively. Increase of turbidity up to 25 NTU decreased inactivation efficiency of larvae and adult nematodes from 100% to 66% and 100% to 64%, respectively. Change in pH ranged from 6 to 9 did not affect the efficiency of inactivation. With increasing temperature inactivation rate increased. The results showed that there was a significant correlation between the increase in contact time, temperature rise and turbidity reduction with inactivation efficiency of lamp]p<0.001[. Also the effect of the lamp on inactivation of larvae nematode was more than the adults

Chlorination of ortho-position on Polychlorinated Biphenyls Increases Protein Kinase C Activity in Neuronal Cells

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent and bioaccumulative environmental pollutants. Recently, it is suggested that neurotoxic effects such as motor dysfunction and impairment in memory and learning have been associated with PCB exposure. However, structure relationship of PCB congeners with neurotoxic effects remains unknown. Since PKC signaling pathway is implicated in the modulation of motor behavior as well as learning and memory and the role of PKC are subspecies-specific, we attempted to study the effects of structurally distinct PCBs on the total PKC activity as well as subspecies of PKC in cerebellar granule cell culture model. Cells were exposed to 0, 25 and 50 microM of PCB-126, PCB-169, PCB-114, PCB-157, PCB-52 and PCB-4 for 15 min. Cells were subsequently analyzed by [3H] phorbol ester binding assay or immunoblotted against PKC-alpha and -epsilon monoclonal antibodies. While non-dioxin-like-PCB (PCB-52 and PCB-4) induced a translocation of PKC-alpha and -epsilon from cytosol to membrane fraction, dioxin-like PCBs (PCB-126, -169, -114, -157) had no effects. [3H] Phorbol ester binding assay also revealed structure-dependent increase similar to translocation of PKC isozymes. While PCB-4 induced translocation of PKC-alpha and -epsilon was inhibited by ROS inhibitor, the pattern of translocation was not affected in presence of AhR inhibitor. It is suggested that PCB-4-induced PKC activity may not be mediated via AhR-dependent pathway. Taken together, our findings suggest that chlorination of ortho-position in PCB may be a critical structural moiety associated with neurotoxic effects, which may be preferentially mediated via non-AhR-dependent pathway. Therefore, the present study may contribute to understanding the neurotoxic mechanism of PCBs as well as providing a basis for establishing a better neurotoxic assessment.

O heterocontrole das águas de abastecimento no Brasil / The external control of the pubic water supplies in Brazil

A fluoretação da água de abastecimento público foi reconhecida pela Organização Mundial da Saúde como uma das dez mais relevantes medidas de saúde pública no século passado. O acesso à água tratada e fluoretada é fundamental para as condições de saúde da população. Para se assegurar a manutenção dos níveis adequados de flúor na água, além do controle operacional, deve-se realizar o heterocontrole. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão da literatura dos estudos de heterocontrole e demonstrar resultados de experiências municipais no exercício desta prática de vigilância